This study aimed to describe detection rates, clinical characteristics, and environmental characteristics associated with detection of norovirus (NoV) among children aged less than five years in South Africa (SA) who were admitted to a hospital for diarrhea.
The study on the detection of early viruses provided epidemiological characteristics of infection by NoV in hospitalized children 5 years of age in a high-HIV-prevalence environment.
The study demonstrated the relevance of NoV for hospitalized children aged 2 years, and identified diarrhea and vomiting with limited dehydration as the predominant clinical features of cases with NoV.
A similar trend was noted in a previous virus identification study, in which strains of NoV were found in comparable levels in children with and without HIV infection.
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These findings are comparable to findings from a current study with detection of NoV (GI and GII strains) at 15% in South African children admitted to a hospital.
Previous studies from Africa also identified NoV at 13*5% on average of diarrhea cases [references Mans9].
Data are also lacking regarding the infection of humans by Norovirus (NoV) among non-institutionalized persons, such as older children and adults, in South African rural communities, where the majority live in squalid environments with insufficient sanitation, absence of safe drinking water, and ineffective sanitation practices .
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence and genetic diversity of Human norovirus (NoV) infection among children aged over five years, and adults, from rural communities in the Vhembe district, South Africa, during the period of 2017-2018.
This study showed that there was a distribution of diverse genotypes of NoV among patients older than 5 years, suggesting the need for prevention measures to prevent infection with Norovirus among older patients.
Norovirus infections are more commonly detected in children younger than 2 years with a spring/early summer seasonality.
Globally, norovirus (NoV) is the common cause of viral diarrhea and vomiting in children aged 5 years [Reference Ahmed1]. Viruses like rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus are known for viral gastroenteritis.
Parasites are a less common cause of gastroenteritis, but they still make up about 3 percent of all cases in children.
In South Africa, typically, we see a rise in certain infections (e.g., non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella, and Norovirus) in summer months.
From April 2009 to May 2016, a mass surveillance effort, under the South African (SA) Rotavirus Sentinel Surveillance Program, detected noroviruses in 12.9% of children who had severe diarrhea.
In 2008, NOVs were characterised by hospitalised pediatric patients with gastroenteritis from the Pretoria area in SA. In South Africa (SA), outbreaks of Gastroenteritis related to NoVs were first reported in 1993, with the Norwalk strain (GI.1) and Hawaii strain (GII.1) being identified separately as causative agents of outbreaks .
Noroviruses were detected in 14 percent of stool samples, and strains that were characterised included three GI and eight GII genotypes. Results From 2010-2013, eleven NoV reassortant types were identified in South Africa (SA) (Table 1 ).
In this study, for the first time, both the presence of the known and the new recombinant NoV types were reported from South Africa (SA) .
After GII.4, GII.P21/GII.3 recombinant was the second most common NoV strain detected in children with gastroenteritis .
A single genotype (GII.4) causes >80% of norovirus outbreaks globally, and every two or three years, a new variation of that strain appears, quickly replacing circulating variants, then becoming dominant worldwide.
Human norovirus (NoV) is the etiological agent associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children and adults globally.
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), each year in the U.S., norovirus causes 19-21 million illnesses, approximately 109,000 hospitalizations, and 900 deaths among adults aged over 65 years.
A systematic review of studies conducted from 1993 through June 2015 was conducted to determine the genotypic distribution and prevalence of norovirus infection among children ([less than or equal to] age 17) in sub-Saharan Africa.
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